This study examined the relationships between gold mining and land conflicts in Kahama District. Specifically, it aimed at identifying the challenges experienced by the communities in the implementation of mining and land laws and policies with regards to mining and land related conflicts. The study employed a case study design in which, both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection used. A total of 398 respondents were involved in the study. Data were collected using questionnaires, interview as well as personal observations. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to describe the results. The findings revealed some of the problems affected the local communities have been also associated with involuntary relocation which has led to the risks of homelessness, food insecurity, loss of access to public services communities and social breakdown in Kahama District especially the adjacent local communities to the BGM. Other challenges that experienced by the communities are loss of farmland, establishment of unplanned settlements, employment levels, lack of coordination, movement of people and compliance to national rules and regulations by the mining companies. Among others, the study recommends that regulations should be made to enable the companies‟ incomes are used for corporate social responsibility including building roads, schools, health services, safe water and electricity supply. Equity regulations should be formulated so as to support the small scale and artisanal who belong to former (taken land) by the larger-scale miners so as to avoid the outbreak of conflicts.